Math in Literature – Eugenio Montejo

I realize that it may seem that most of my waking thoughts are concerned with numbers and equations.  While this is true for my desire to understand and explain everything around me, I do enjoy many other things other than making spreadsheets and coming up with equations.  Included in my many other passions is writing and reading poetry.  This blog will be about one of my favorite poems – “La Tierra Giro para Acercarnos” – or “The Earth Turned to Bring Us Closer”.  It was written by Eugenio Montejo, and was even mentioned in the movie “21 Grams.”  Here it is:

The earth turned to bring us closer,
it spun on itself and within us,
and finally joined us together in this dream
as written in the Symposium.
Nights passed by, snowfalls and solstices;
time passed in minutes and millennia.
An ox cart that was on its way to Nineveh
arrived in Nebraska.
A rooster was singing some distance from the world,
in one of the thousand pre–lives of our fathers.
The earth was spinning with its music
carrying us on board;
it didn’t stop turning a single moment
as if so much love, so much that’s miraculous
was only an adagio written long ago
in the Symposium’s score.

Now, my interpretation of this poem has to do with (as always) the mathematical side of this, and it has always been why this poem has stuck in my mind over the years.  I see it being written about someone who has found the love of their life – suggested by “The earth was spinning with its music carrying us on board.”  He or she is looking back in amazement and the infinitely many things that had to happen in a certain way for their love to be realized suggested by “An ox cart that was on its way to Nineveh arrived in Nebraska” and “A rooster was singing some distance from the world, in one of the thousand pre–lives of our fathers.“  It is almost that the these future events had to have been written a long time ago to ensure such a beautiful outcome - “as if so much love, so much that’s miraculous was only an adagio written long ago in the Symposium’s score.”

But the mathematical side that really makes this special to me is that I realize that so many events had to happen in just the right way to allow me and my future wife to meet and fall in love.  If you really consider how many variables would have to be exactly right to ensure that I would meet this girl at the right time in history, it is truly mind boggling.  Now consider the amount of wars, famines, large disasters, small accidents that must have happened over the course of the last couple thousand of years.  They all had to occur with the proper outcome in order for her and I to be born at the proper times and places and to then meet at sometime in the future.  I love that thought, and therefore this poem.  Let me know your thoughts.  CD

The Rule of 72.

In our last post, we used our equations to calculate yield for a specific interest rate over a specific time.  Our last problem, we looked at a $10,000 principle at 8% for 9 years, and at 9% for 8 years.  They were pretty close in amounts – $20,495 and $20,489 respectively.  But they shared one special characteristic…they both doubled the principle at those rates over that specific time. 

Today we will look at a very simple rule that helps you approximate how long it will take to double your principle at a given rate.  It is called the Rule of 72.  The Rule of 72 states that if you divide 72 by an interest rate percentage, you will have a good approximation how many years it will take to double your initial principle.  This also works for if you want to find out what interest rate you need to invest at in order to double your principle over a determined time period. 

Let’s make this equation, its rather simple.  First let’s arrange our variables:

I = Interest Rate Percentage

T= Time (in years)  

Ok, there is only one tiny thing about this equation.  Lets say we are talking about percentages – 5% for instance.  Normally for equations we make 5% = .05, but for the purposes of this equation it must remain the whole number percentage (or else we would call it the rule of .72!) 

Our equation will look like this if we want to find out how long it will take to double the principle at a given interest rate: 

T = 72 / I  

Our equation will look like this if we want to find out what rate you would need to double the principle over a given time: 

I = 72 / T 

Let’s take this equation for a test drive.

How long will it take to double the principle at 3%, 6%, and 12%?

What interest rate would you need to double your investment in 5 years, 10 years, and 20 years? 

Ok, we will start with 3%. 

T = 72 / 3    Divide.

T = 24 years.   

Next, 6%.

T = 72 / 6    Divide.

T = 12 years. 

Finally, 12%

T = 72 / 12    Divide.

T = 6 years.  

For the next set of problems, we need to use the second form of the equation. 

Ok, we will start with 5 years.

I = 72 / 5    Divide.

I = 14.4%. 

Next, 10 years.

I = 72 / 10    Divide.

I = 7.2%.

Finally,  20 years.

I = 72 / 20    Divide.

I = 3.6%. 

The Rule of 72 is a pretty simple way to approximate these two things.  It is important to note that for higher interest rates, the equation has to be adjusted.  Wikipedia has a good explanation why this is and how to adjust: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_72 

They also go into other conclusions that can be derived from this formula.  It’s a good read.  CD

Interest Rate vs Annual Percentage Yield – Part 2 – Applications

Yesterday we came up with a formula that helps us find the Annual Percentage Yield based on the interest rate a bank offers. Today we are going to check this formula and see if we can test how this applies to real, everyday life.

First,we will check the current interest rate for a popular online savings institution – INGDirect (www.ingdirect.com) – to see if our formula works. They show the interest rate at 3.590% and the APY at 3.650%.

Second, we can check to see how much $10,000 will grow to at a 5% interest rate over 40 years compounding each month.

Finally, we will check to see which earns more money: $10,000 at 8% for 9 years, or $10,000 at 9% for 8 years?

For the first problem, lets organize our variables:

I = 3.590% (or .0359) This is our INTEREST RATE. (Note: This comes from the information in the problem.)

P = 1 month This is our PERIOD. (Note: The interest compounds monthly, so the period has to be one month.)

N = 12 This is the NUMBER OF PERIODS. (Note: The number of periods is 12 because there are 12 months/periods in a year and we and to check the Annual Percentage Yield.)

Ok, let’s take our equation from yesterday (1+(I/P))^N and plug the variables in:

(1+(.0359/12))^12 Simplify – Division.

(1+(.002992))^12 Simplify – Addition.

(1.002992)^12 Now we will need a calculator. After plugging it in our solution is:

1.036500769 Rounding gives us 1.03650 or 103.650% of our original investment after 1 year of compounding interest at 3.59%

That makes the Annual Percentage Yield 3.650%! The formula checks out!

For the second problem, lets start again by organizing our variables:

I = 5% (or .05)

P = 1 month

N = 480 (Note: We want to find the yield for 40 years. 40 years * 12 months (or periods) = 480 months (or periods). It is just like finding the APY for 1 year, but we are finding a similar percentage for 40 years and we will multiply this percentage by the Initial Principle.

$ = 10,000 (This is our initial principle.)

So we will use the formula from the problem above again, but since we want to find the dollar amount after 40 years, we need to multiply by the initial principle after we find the yield for 40 years. It will look like this: $ * (1 + (I/P)^N)) Let’s plug in the variables:

10000 * (1 + (.050/12)) ^ 480 Simplify – Division.

10000 * (1 + (.004166666)) ^ 480 Simplify – Addition.

10000 * (1.004166666) ^ 480 Use a calculator to figure out 1.0041666 ^ 480.

10000 * 7.358417 Multiply.

$73,584.17 – You will have 73,584.17 after 40 years.

For the last problem, lets organize the variables for the first part:

I = 8% (or .08)

P = 1 month

N = 108 (9 years * 12 months = 108 months)

$ = 10,000

Lets plug these variables into our formula:

10000 * (1 + (.08/12)) ^ 108 Simplify – Division.

10000 * (1 + (.00666666)) ^ 108 Simplify – Addition.

10000 * (1.00666666)) ^ 108 Use a calculator to figure out 1.00666666 ^ 108.

10000 * 2.04953026 Multiply.

$20,495.30 for the first part.

Now, lets organize the variables for the second part:

I = 9% (or .09)

P = 1 month

N = 96 (8 years * 12 months = 96 months)

$ = 10,000

Lets plug these variables into our formula:

10000 * (1 + (.09/12)) ^ 96 Simplify – Division.

10000 * (1 + (.0075)) ^ 96 Simplify – Addition.

10000 * (1.0075)) ^ 96 Use a calculator to figure out 1.0075 ^ 96.

10000 * 2.048922128 Multiply.

$20,489.22 for the second part.

So, the two totals are relatively close. The 8% for 9 years is $6.08 higher. There are two things to note based on this last problem. Time is the biggest factor in compounding interest. The longer that money is invested, the higher the return will be. For all of you people putting off investments, this equation proves that the earlier you get your money in, the better. It also shows the importance of shopping around (or choosing your investment wisely) in order to ensure the best rate possible. For example, you can make up for lost time by choosing an investment vehicle that has a high return. But there are many, many, many more factors that are involved in managing a portfolio – risk, target dates, goals, etc. This sort of math would just help compare one single facet of investing (time vs. rate) – and thats only practical for investments like savings accounts or Certificates of Deposit, where rates fluctuate much less. I am far from an expert on investing, but I just thought I would point out these trends.

The second thing to note is that we started with $10,000 and ended with more than $20,000. Both investments more than doubled over this time at these rates. I chose 8% for 9 years, and 9% for 8 years for a reason…because tomorrow we will explore The Rule of 72, as it applies to investing money. I hope these examples help explain the formula from yesterday, and that it takes some of the mystery out of how much money the bank gives every month for keeping your principle there. CD